Abstract Global biodiversity loss by anthropogenic impacts is an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Global defaunation is still poorly documented in the case of insects, showing a significant decrease in populations and diversity. The blowfly Neta chilensis (Walker 1837) is poorly known and presumed to be confined to southern-South America, with an unclear distributional pattern. It was last collected in 1984. We aimed, through Ecological Niche Models, to identify regions highly suitable for N. chilensis; to test the suitability of regions with doubtful records; to understand the impact that climatic change and human activities have had; and to identify regions with high chances to find it. We compiled 130 presence records from Argentina and Chile and 117 localities where it was sought but not found between 1987 and 2018. Results indicate that suitable conditions are restricted to southern and central Chile and to southwestern Argentina, that doubtful records are predicted in unsuitable areas, that N. chilensis occupies a narrow niche and that its decline is not mainly caused by climate changes but more probably to habitat loss and to the biological invasion. We identified two regions where the chances of finding the species are higher in the case that it is not extinct already.

Abstract A catalogue of the Lonchaeidae and Teratomyzidae of Chile is presented. This paper comprises two genera with five species of Lonchaeidae and two genera with two species of Teratomyzidae known from Chile, including information about the name of the taxon, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality, and references. The geographical distributions of each species were determined by examination of bibliographic data and of label data on specimens in collections.

Abstract A catalogue of the Pyrgotidae (Diptera) from Chile is provided. All valid names are presented, comprising three species in two genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature, to the included names, are provided, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, distribution, and references.

Abstract With over 10 recognized genera, Panopinae is the most diverse subfamily within the family Acroceridae in the Neotropical region. In Chile, it is represented by 18 species grouped in 3 genera, Archipialea Schlinger, Arrhynchus Philippi and Lasia Wiedemann. In this study we report the genus Coquena Schlinger for the first time for the Chilean territory,and describe Coquena coquimbensis sp. nov. This new species can be distinguished from the only previously known species of the genus, C. stangei Schlinger, based on of the position of the antenna, length of the flagellum and by color differences on the ocular, thoracic and ocellar triangle pilosity. A key to the Chilean genera of Panopinae is provided.

Resumen Con más de 10 géneros reconocidos, Panopinae es la subfamilia más diversa dentro de la familia Acroceridae (Diptera) en la región Neotropical. En Chile, esta subfamilia se encuentra representada por 18 especies agrupadas en 3 géneros, Archipialea Schlinger, Arrhynchus Philippi y Lasia Wiedemann. En este estudio se reporta por primera vez el género Coquena Schlinger para el territorio chileno y se describe a C. coquimbensis sp. nov. Esta especie nueva se distingue de la única que era conocida para el género, C. stangei Schlinger, por la posición de las antenas, la longitud del flagelo y por diferencias en la coloración de la pilosidad ocular, del tórax y del triángulo ocelar. Se presenta una clave para distinguir los 4 géneros de Panopinae conocidos para Chile.

ABSTRACT Climate change affects the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. Culex pipiens Linnaeus is the main vector of West Nile fever; a widely distributed arbovirus, it is continuously increasing its distribution. Using a species distribution model, maps of suitable habitats of Cx. pipiens were generated for Chile in the current climate and three climate change scenarios, using global and regional georeferenced vector presence records as input, plus bioclimatic variables. Since this virus has not yet arrived in Chile, the purpose of this study is to anticipate potential risk areas and to prevent the establishment and spread of the virus. Cx. pipiens is widely distributed in Chile. The suitable habitats in Chile were concentrated mostly from 32º to 35ºS, increasing in future scenarios up to 113 % in the northern zone and moving towards the mountains. This species conserves around 90 % of its niche in the future, and shows a reduction of 11.4 % in the severe climate change scenario. It is anticipated that Chile will experience an increase in the environmental suitability for Cx. pipiens moving from the Andes to the coastal zone throughout the country, mainly in the center-south. This will raise the risk of local virus transmission if the virus is introduced to the country via diverse routes.

RESUMEN El cambio climático afecta la dinámica de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Culex pipiens Linnaeus es el vector principal de la fiebre del Nilo Occidental, un arbovirus que aumenta continuamente su distribución. Usando un modelo de distribución de especies, se generaron mapas hábitats favorables para Cx. pipiens en los escenarios de cambio climático actuales y tres futuros. Se utilizaron registros de presencia de vectores georreferenciados globales y regionales como entrada, más un conjunto de variables bioclimáticas. Dado que este virus aún no ha llegado a Chile, el propósito de este estudio es anticipar áreas de riesgo potencial y prevenir el establecimiento y la propagación del virus. Cx. pipiens está ampliamente distribuido en Chile. Las mayores probabilidades de presencia en Chile se concentraron principalmente de 32º a 35ºS, aumentando en escenarios futuros hasta el 113 % en la zona norte y avanzando hacia la cordillera. Esta especie conserva alrededor del 90 % de su nicho en el futuro y muestra una reducción del 11,4 % en el escenario de cambio climático severo. Se propone que Chile experimentará un aumento en los hábitats favorables para Cx. pipiens, el vector clave del WNV, que se moverá desde los Andes a la zona costera en todo el país, principalmente en el centro-sur. Esto producirá un aumento en el riesgo de transmisión del virus local si se introduce en el país a través de diversas rutas.

ABSTRACT The family Tachinidae is one of the most diverse of all the insect families with more than 8,500 described species classified into more than 1,500 genera. Six genera of Goniini (Diptera, Tachinidae) are reported to Cusco: Araucosimus Aldrich, Chaetocnephalia Townsend, Chaetocraniopsis Townsend, Dolichocnephalia Townsend, Germariopsis Townsend y Gonia Meigen. The genus Araucosimus is cited for the first time to Peru. Genera Chaetocnephalia, Chaetocraniopsis, Dolichocnephalia, and Germariopsis are cited for the first time to Cusco. A key to the six genera is included.

RESUMEN Tachinidae es una de las familias de Diptera más diversificadas, y la más grande de Oestroidea, con más de 8.500 especies descritas en más de 1.500 géneros y distribuidas en todas las regiones zoogeográficas del planeta. Se reportan para Cusco seis géneros de Goniini (Diptera, Tachinidae): Araucosimus Aldrich, Chaetocnephalia Townsend, Chaetocraniopsis Townsend, Dolichocnephalia Townsend, Germariopsis Townsend y Gonia Meigen. Los géneros Chaetocnephalia, Chaetocraniopsis, Dolichocnephalia y Germariopsis se reportan por primera vez para Cusco y Araucosimus por primera vez para Perú. Se incluye una clave para los seis géneros estudiados.

Abstract: The family Calliphoridae includes around 1,500 species belongs to 150 genera, 126 of them are recorded in the Neotropical and Andean regions. In Chile, the Calliphoridae family comprises 20 species belonged to four subfamilies and twelve genera, three of them are endemic to Chile. A key to all genera and species of blow flies recorded in Chile are provided. The low diversity of blow flies of Chile compared to other countries south of the United States is discussed.

Resumen: La familia Calliphoridae incluye alrededor de 1.500 especies en 150 géneros, 120 de las cuales están citadas para las Regiones Neotropical y Andina. Actualmente, los Calliphoridae de Chile comprenden 20 especies, clasificadas en cuatro subfamilias y 12 géneros con 3 especies endémicas. Se entrega una clave para reconocer géneros y especies de Chile. Se discute la baja diversidad de especies de Calliphoridae comparada con otros países al sur de Estados Unidos.

Historically, Aedes aegypti (L.) was present in northern Chile between the cities of Arica (18°28'S/70°18'W) and Caldera (27°03'S/70°49'W). It was eradicated from northern Chile in the 1950s by the use of DDT. In April 2016, Aedes aegypti (L.) was once again detected in northern Chile after an absence of more than 60 years. This finding suggests a reintroduction of the species to northern Chile or a dispersal from an adjacent country (or both). Given the immense importance of this mosquito as a vector of flavi-viruses (i.e. yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya, Zika), this recurrence presents a new challenge for public health authorities in Chile.

Aedes aegypti (L) estuvopresente en el norte de Chile entre las ciudades de Arica (18°28'S/70°18'W) y Caldera (27°03'S/70°49'W) pero fue erradicado con el uso del DDT en la década de 1950. En abril de 2016fue nuevamente detectado después de una ausencia de más de 60 años. El encuentro de esta especie sugiere su reintroducción al norte de Chile o una dispersión desde un país fronterizo (o ambos). Dada la tremenda importancia de esta especie como vector de flavivirus (por ejemplo, Fiebre Amarilla, Dengue, Chikungunya y Zika) esta reintroducción representa un nuevo escenario para la salud pública de Chile y sus autoridades.

ABSTRACT The male of Hirmoneuropsis luctuosa (Philippi, 1865) is redescribed and the puparium is described and illustrated for the first time. Hirmoneuropsis luctuosa is compared with other species of the genus. Illustrations of diagnostic characters of the male and pupa are also provided.

Regarding the invertebrates, knowledge about the biota of the Andean peatlands of north-central Chile is clearly asymmetric. In this paper, by using pitfall traps and aerial traps, the diptero-fauna inhabiting three peatlands under different water condition was studied. Of total catch, percent contribution by peatland was as follows: 52.1% (wet peatland); 38.3% (dry peatland), and 9.6% (mesicpeatland). Thepresence of29families was recorded, with an estimation of30 as maximum. Regarding the number ofcommon and exclusive families, small differences between peatlands were recorded. Among peatlands, Muscidae numerically dominated in the dry peatland; Chironomidae and Sphaeroceridae did in the wet peatland; in turn, Muscidae and Chironomidae co-dominated in the mesic one. An effect of water condition of the peatland on the relationships of relative abundance offamilies was detected. This effect was also observed regarding diversity and evenness. Water is being increasingly scarce in the desert region of Chile. Consequently, peatlands as the studied in this occasion are in a very vulnerable state. This paper provides background showing that not only the larger biotic elements of these landscape units are at risk, but also the smaller ones as well; although not less important for being the base of many food chains and decomposition processes that take place in the arid Andean environment.

En relación con los invertebrados, el conocimiento acerca de la biota de las vegas altoandinas del norte-centro de Chile es claramente asimétrico. En este trabajo, mediante el empleo de trampas de intercepción de caída y aérea, se estudió la dipterofauna de tres vegas diferentes en su condición hídrica. Del total capturado, la vega húmeda aportó el 52,1%; la vega seca, el 38,3% y la vega mésica, el 9,6%. Se registró la presencia de 29 familias, estimándose un máximo de 30. Por tipo de vega se registraron pequeñas diferencias en el número de familias comunes y exclusivas. Entre vegas, mientras Muscidae dominó numéricamente en la vega seca; Muscidae y Chironomidae codominaron en la vega mésica; a su vez, Chironomidae y Sphaeroceridae lo hicieron en la vega húmeda. Se detectó un efecto de la condición hídrica de la vega sobre las relaciones entre familias de su abundancia relativa. Este efecto se observó igualmente en las comparaciones de diversidad y equitabilidad. El agua está siendo un recurso cada vez más escaso en la región desértica de Chile. Por ello, vegas como las estudiadas en esta ocasión están en un estado muy vulnerable. Este trabajo aporta antecedentes que muestran que no solo los elementos bióticos mayores de estas unidades de paisaje están en situación de riesgo, sino que también los elementos menos conspicuos de ellas, pero no menos importantes por ser la base de muchas de las cadenas alimentarias y los procesos de descomposición de la materia que tienen lugar en el ambiente andino.

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) atacamensis, a new species in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus, is described and validated using morphological characters of the male and female adult, male genitalia and immature stages. Molecular characterization employing sequences of the ITS2 rDNA and COI mtDNA are provided. The new taxon is compared with Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi) from central Chile based on morphological features of the adults, male genitalia and larva. Illustrations of the diagnostic characteristics of the male genitalia, fourth-instar larva and pupa are provided.

The female oiAgelanius chiloensis, new species, from southern Chile is described and illustrated. Its relationships with other species oiAgelanius are discussed.

La hembra de Agelanius chiloensis, nueva especie del sur de Chile, es descrita e ilustrada. Sus relaciones con otras especies de Agelanius son discutidas.

The relation of the temperature of the water with the distribution of the present species in the area was studied.. The observations were made in three sections of the Lluta River, where they registered the temperature to 7:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. and collected larvae and pupae in natural substrates like stones and submerged vegetation, coming later to its taxonomic identification. The collected data were analyzed statistically using the coefficient of correlation of Pearson between the average temperature of the water and the amount of individuals collected of each species. The obtained correlations were in S. escomeli of r = 0.774, S. philippii of r = -0.442 and S. quechuanum r = -0.142. During the period of observation S. lescomeli presented intense positive correlation with respect to the temperature of the water.

Se estudió la relación de la temperatura del agua con la distribución de las especies presentes en el área. Las observaciones fueron realizadas en tres secciones del río Lluta, donde se registraron las temperaturas a las 7.00 AM y 7.00 PM y se colectaron larvas y pupas en sustratos naturales como piedras y vegetación sumergida, procediendo posteriormente a su identificación taxonómica. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la temperatura media del agua y la cantidad de individuos colectados de cada especie. Las correlaciones obtenidas fueron en S. escomeli de r = 0,774, S. philippii de r = -0,442 y S. quechuanum r = -0,142. Durante el período de observación la especie S. escomeli presentó una correlación positiva intensa respecto a la temperatura del agua.

The female of Dasybasis elquiensis, new species, is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Paso La Ternera, Elqui Province, north Chile. Its relationships to other Dasybasis species are discussed.

The terrestrial immature stages of the Chilean horse fly, Protodasyapha (Protodasyapha) hirtuosa (Philippi), are described. P.(P.) hirtuosa resembles Ectenopsis vulpecula Macquart and Caenoprosopon trichocera (Bigot) from Australia, and Esenbeckia delta Hine from North America, in both the larval and pupal stages. Some characters that are shared between these species are unique and provide evidence of their monophyletic origin. Larvae of P. hirtuosa were found 3-5 below of the soil surface and associated with larvae of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera.